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.Kathleen M.Higgins, Comic Relief: Nietzsche’s Gay Science (New York: Oxford University Press, )..Notably, Henri Bergson in his Laughter (quoted in John Morreall, The Philosophy of Laughter and Humor [Albany: SUNY Press, ], )..Kathleen M.Higgins, “Beauty and Its Kitsch Competitors,” in BeautyMatters, ed.Peg Zeglin Brand (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, ),–..Charles Taylor, Hegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, )..Jean-Paul Sartre, “Existentialism Is a Humanism” trans.P.Mairet (NewYork: Philosophical Library, )..This, again, is one of the main themes of Alexander Nehamas’s excellentbook Nietzche: Life as Literature..I credit this precise formulation to my good friend Ray Bradley, who isnot a Nietzsche fan, but perhaps someday will be..Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, “Why I Am So Clever,” §..Sigmund Freud, “Creative Writers and Daydreaming” (in Tilman andCahn, eds.Philosophy of Art and Aesthetics New York: Harper and Row, p..) Special thanks to Janet McCracken for some wonderful discussion of play in herrecent work..Nietzsche, Birth of Tragedy §..Thanks to Janet McCracken, again..Stanley Milgram, “Behavioral Study of Obedience,” Journal of Abnormaland Social Psychology (); P.G.Zimbardo Quiet Rage (video) Stanford University, ; J.M.Darley and C.D.Batson, “From Jerusalem to Jericho: AStudy of Situational and Disposition Variables in Helping Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ()..Gilbert Harman, “The Nonexistence of Character Traits,” Proceedings ofthe Aristotelian Society (–): –; John Doris, Lack of Character: Personality and Moral Behavior (New York: Cambridge University Press, ).See also R.E.Nisbett and L.Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Prentice-Hall, )..Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morals, I, ; I, ; I, , ; III, ..Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morals, II, ..Mary Wollstonecraft, quoted in R.Tong, Feminine and Feminist Ethics(Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, ) ..Dhammapada, quoted in Freny Mistry, Nietzsche and Buddhism (Berlin: De Gruyter, ), ..See, for example, Stuart Hampshire, ed., Public and Private Morality(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), and his Innocence and Experience (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ).See also Bernard Williams, “Politics and Moral Character,” in his Moral Luck (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), and Thomas Nagel, “Ruthlessness in Public Life” in Hampshire,ed., Public and Private Morality..Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morals, I, ..Anthony Flew, “The Profit Motive,” Ethics, .Chapter .Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, II, ..Dan Dennett ridicules fatalism as the “mystical and superstitious” thesisthat “no agent can do anything about anything” and whose only virtue is “theN O T E S T O P A G E S – power to create creepy effects in literature” in Elbow Room (Cambridge: MITPress, ), , ..The terminology here varies.Brian Leiter distinguishes between classicaldeterminism, classical fatalism, and causal essentialism.He defends only thelast, which he attributes to Nietzsche and interprets as the “essential” properties of an individual that “non-trivially determine the.possible trajectories” for that individual.“The Paradox of Fatalism and Self-Creation in Nietzsche,” inWilling and Nothingness: Schopenhauer as Nietzsche’s Educator, ed.C.Janaway (Oxford: Clarendon Press, ), ..Mark Bernstein, Fatalism (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, )..See Nietzsche’s dissertation “On Teleology” trans P.Swift Nietzsche-ana # (Urbana, IL: NANS, )..See, for example, Cecil M.Bowra, Sophocelan Tragedy (Oxford: Clarendon,); Cedric H.Whitman, Sophocles (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,); Marjorie Barstow, “Oedipus Rex as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Aristotle,”Classical Weekly . (October , ); and Martha Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness (New York: Cambridge University Press, )..Nietzsche, Gay Science, §..Leiter, “The Paradox of Fatalism,” –..Leiter, “The Paradox of Fatalism,” ..George Eliot, Middlemarch (London: Penguin, ) ..Immanuel Kant, Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals, , , –..In early Greek mythology, they are three young, graceful women.Later,they became old women, not unlike the Weird Sisters in Shakespeare’s Macbeth.In Roman mythology, they are four, Ananke, Nona, Decuma, Morta; in Norsemythology, Urtyh, Verthandi, Skuld..See Lisa Raphals, “Fatalism, Fate, and Strategem in China and Greece,”in Early China/Ancient Greece: Thinking Through Comparisons, ed.S.Shankman and S.W.Durrant (Albany: SUNY Press, ), –..Dennett, Elbow Room..Homer, Iliad, 16:–..Homer, Iliad, 20:ff..Homer, Iliad, 18:–..Homer, Iliad, 6:–..Homer, Iliad, 1:–..Hume, Treatise of Human Nature, ff..See, for example, Nietzsche, Gay Science, ..Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, ..Nietzsche, Will to Power, §..I have never understood what conceptual hang-up Aristotle must havehad that he passed onto generations of Christian philosophers who utilized thesame lack of imagination to “prove” the existence of God.(An overly sophisti-cated theory is that they just didn’t have an adequate mathematical conceptionof infinity.) 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